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ChoralNet: How to Cite Internet resourcesDate: Sun, 17 Dec 1995 07:09:01 -0700 (MST)
From: "James D. Feiszli" To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU (ChoralAcademe) Subject: citations from Internet sources For some as yet unexplained reason, Patrick O'Shea is having difficulty posting this to the list (a quirk of the list software, not his fault), so I am posting it for him. -------------------------- A graduate student of mine recently brought an interesting problem to my attention: If one finds useful information on the Internet (World Wide Web, Gopher, or FTP), and wishes to incorporate that information in a scholarly paper. This raises the difficult issue of citation. How does one cite an internet resource? There are many which are useful. For example, New Albion Records has an extensive World Wide Web site with artist biographies and information (including many 20th-century composers). The articles do not credit a single author, but provide many useful biographical details. Since the point of citation is to allow the reader to consult the sources cited directly, I would think that in the example above, a scholarly citation of a Web site must include the URL somewhere. The real question is one of format. How should the actual citation look, and what other information should be provided? Should one include the date that the information was accessed? Many sites are continually upgraded and changed. This is just one of many instances where scholarship has not kept pace with technology. However, if we are to make appropriate use of the Internet in scholarly contexts, the question of citation format must be approached. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Dec 1995 10:30:26 +0000 From: benk@dordt.edu To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU Subject: Re: citations from Internet sources >Since the point of citation is to allow the reader to consult the sources >cited directly, I would think that in the example above, a scholarly >citation of a Web site must include the URL somewhere. The real question >is one of format. How should the actual citation look, and what other >information should be provided? Should one include the date that the >information was accessed? Many sites are continually upgraded and changed. Our Media Services director at the college has thoughtfully passed these MLA guidelines on to us earlier in the year. Documenting "the Web": MLA Style if no specified printed source: Name of author (if given) Title of the text (underlined) Place of publication (if given) Name of publisher (if given) Year of publication (if given) Publication medium (ie, online) Name of computer network (ie, internet) Date of access Electronic address preceded with the word "Available:" Example: Unabomber. _Industrial Society and Its Future_. Online. Internet. 6 Oct 1995. Available: http://www.hotwired.com/special/unabom/introduction.html. if a printed source IS specified: Name of author (if given) Title of the article or document (in quotation marks) Title of the journal or source (underlined) Volume number, issue number, or identifying number (if given) Year or date of publication (in parenthesis) or "n.d." for 'no date' Number of pages or "n. pag." for 'no pagination' Publication medium (ie, online) Name of computer network (ie, internet) Date of access Electronic address preceded with the word "Available:" Example: Holly, Dan. "Black Men Combine Politics, 'Cleansinf of the Spirit' at March," _Detroit Journal_ (17 October 1995): n. pag. Online. Internet. 17 Oct. 1995. Available: http://www.rust.net/workers/news/4march17.htm. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Dec 1995 11:44:56 -0800 From: lauren39@wavenet.com (Dale Jergenson) To: poshea@sfasu.edu Cc: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU Subject: Re: citations from Internet sources >>In response to Patrick O'Shea's discussion of citing internet sources, >>the 4th ed. of the AMA Publication Manual, refers to Li and Crane's >>(1993) _Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information_. >>This is just after the editors state ". . . a standard [has] not yet >>emerged for referencing on-line information." The AMA Manual goes on to >>state that "Electronic correspondence, such as E-mail messages and >>conversations via bulletin boards and electronic discussion groups >>[choralist], is cited as personal communications in the text." > >Yes, but WWW items (unlike e-mail) are NOT personal communications. As >such, they should be cited differently than a personal interview or letter. >Perhaps the following example might serve as an acceptable format: > >"Lukas Foss." New Albion Records WWW Site, 10 December 1995, 13:45 GMT > (http://www.newalbion.com/artists/fossl.html). > >Electronic resources that provide references to printed sources should >easily produce bibiographical citations in the normal format (as if the >researcher had the printed source instead of the electronic source). >However, sources that exist only in electronic form (or for which a printed >version cannot be easily located) might follow the above format. The time >citation might be overkill, but then again some WWW resources are >time-sensitive. For example, if one wished to cite weather forecasts which >are widely distributed on the WWW, a time citation would be appropriate. >In these cases, I would suggest using the international standard of GMT. > ------------ To add just a note. The concept of time and date stamping is important as information on electronic formats is changed regularly, as well as the possibility of alterations to the information taking place without the knowledge of the author. We're not dealing with metal plates anymore - we might as well get used to it. I presume that it will take us some time before this gets sorted out in any fashion acceptable to the academic community. I suspect that the most important work, aside from citations, will be done by the copyright office. Unfortunately, they are nortoriously slow in their response to what many of us consider "urgent needs" (although - it's really not the fault of the office, per se, as congressional members/committees must do their work first, and we know what lies in their collective little hearts these days). I am personally involved with the struggle of copyright infringement, et al, which relies heavily on date stamping, since my publishing company, Laurendale Associates, is entering a new phase of music distribution by selling LDM (Laurendale Duplication Masters) with a license(s) for duplication (you can obviously see the connection to "electronic delivery systems"). We will have masters floating around out there, with moral integrity as the means by which we attempt to control abuse, much like the position most software producers have adopted. I would go as far as to time and date stamp private e-mail communications that are being cited, as well (the same way we cite personal letters). Since we have an opportunity to "clean up" the area of citations, let's at least start by over-doing it a bit, then let it settle down to a scholarly format, yet to be devised (probably to be determined by practice, as much as anything). --------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Sun, 17 Dec 1995 14:36:11 -0600 From: poshea@sfasu.edu (Patrick M. O'Shea) To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU Subject: Re: citations from Internet sources >In response to Patrick O'Shea's discussion of citing internet sources, >the 4th ed. of the AMA Publication Manual, refers to Li and Crane's >(1993) _Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information_. >This is just after the editors state ". . . a standard [has] not yet >emerged for referencing on-line information." The AMA Manual goes on to >state that "Electronic correspondence, such as E-mail messages and >conversations via bulletin boards and electronic discussion groups >[choralist], is cited as personal communications in the text." Yes, but WWW items (unlike e-mail) are NOT personal communications. As such, they should be cited differently than a personal interview or letter. Perhaps the following example might serve as an acceptable format: "Lukas Foss." New Albion Records WWW Site, 10 December 1995, 13:45 GMT (http://www.newalbion.com/artists/fossl.html). Electronic resources that provide references to printed sources should easily produce bibiographical citations in the normal format (as if the researcher had the printed source instead of the electronic source). However, sources that exist only in electronic form (or for which a printed version cannot be easily located) might follow the above format. The time citation might be overkill, but then again some WWW resources are time-sensitive. For example, if one wished to cite weather forecasts which are widely distributed on the WWW, a time citation would be appropriate. In these cases, I would suggest using the international standard of GMT. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 26 Dec 1995 08:53:02 -0700 (MST) From: "James D. Feiszli" To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU (ChoralAcademe) Subject: citations fromn Internet sources I finally got access to that online site on citations. Here is the URL: http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html ----------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 26 Dec 1995 22:10:53 -0500 From: John.Howell@vt.edu (John Howell) To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU Subject: Re: citations fromn Internet sources The purpose of a citation is to identify and allow the reader to consult the original. One of the trickiest questions in the electronic world is defining what the word "original" means! (A colleague sat on the university copyright committee for years, and said that they were going crazy over the question of computer programs which constantly change and might be written in part using university resources and in part using private resources.) I haven't used the Internet much for research, so I can't suggest an answer, but the proper line of questioning should be, "what do I need to list in order to help the reader find this material?" Is the name of the source maintainer necessary to do this? Is it necessary in some cases? Or is the date and source name sufficient? I'm not sure there's an analogy to print sources, because once something is printed it is in fixed form (until a new edition is prepared). On the Internet, NOTHING is ever in fixed form. (Which also seems to affect the question of copyright, come to think of it.) ----------------------------------------------------------- From: Feiszli, Jim To: academe Subject: FW: Citing WWW sources Date: Friday, February 09, 1996 8:17 Old topic, but this just came across my screen from our campus librarian. Jim Feiszli ---------- From: Andersen, Patricia M. To: Faculty with MSMAIL at SDSMT Subject: Citing WWW sources Date: Thursday, February 08, 1996 8:21 Student's are finding more and more information through the Internet and encountering the difficulty of how to cite that information for papers. Two of the most popular organizations that set standards for citations have developed web pages on their standards. I hope you can find the information useful in your classes. Patty Andersen ---------- Web Extension to APA style http://www.nyu.edu/pages/psychology/WEAPAS APA Publication Manual Crib Sheet http://www.gasou.edu/psychweb/tipsheet/apacrib.htm MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Resources http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html There also was a relevant article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 12, 1996 Information Technology section "Cyberspace Citations" by Lisa Guernsey. ----------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 9 Feb 1996 22:30:08 -0500 From: NLGilbert@aol.com To: choralacademe@lists.Colorado.EDU Subject: More web pages about citing internet sources Jim Feiszli's post forwarded from his university librarian reminds me to forward this from the stumpers-list. Fred Rasp (frasp@halcyon.com) prepared it for the BESTWEB maillist. You're welcome to forward it further. Nina Gilbert NLGilbert@aol.com - - - - - - - - - - Li & Crane http://www.uvm.edu/~xli/reference/estyles.html http://www.uvm.edu/~xli.reference/mla.html Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic Publications Xia Li & Nancy Crane have a web page at the U. of Vermont with brief examples from the new edition of xElectronic Stylex - includes web Xia Li and Nancy Crane have a book "Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information", new edition due in Jan 1996 from Meckler Publishing. WEAPAS http://www.nyu.edu/pages/psychology/WEAPAS Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) official APA extension specifically covering web Walker http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html http://www.taft.cc.ca.us/www/tc/tceng/mla.html http://www.chs.chico.k12.ca.us/libr/webres/walker.html MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources Janice Walker includes web examples Wainwright http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/maw13/citation.html Citation style for internet sources Mark Wainwright modifies Walker includes web examples Becklehimer http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html How do you cite URLs in a bibliography? Jeff Becklehimer gives a web example Georgia http://www.gasou.edu/psychweb/tipsheet/apacrib.htm APA Publication Manual Crib Sheet Georgia Southern University gives web examples Vassar http://guide.vassar.edu/library/Quick-Guides/electcit.html Citing Electronic Information - Style Sheet Vassar College Library gives web example Emory http://www.cc.emory.edu/WHSCL/citation.formats.html A Field Guide to Sources On, About, and On the Internet - citation formats Emory University bibliography of 19 citations, list itself shows web format Links to Li & Crane, Walker, Wainwright, Becklehimer, Georgia, Page, Wagner, HERN95 Crouse http://www.people.memphis.edu/~crousem/elcite.txt Citing electronic information in history papers Maurice Crouse gives several web examples Page http://www.hivolda.no/asf/kkf/citation.html http://www.nmmc.com/libweb/employee/citguide.htm http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/QLTY/OnlineRefs.html A Brief Citation Guide for Internet Sources in History and the Humanities Melvin E. Page gives a web example HERN95 http://kalama.doe.hawaii.edu/hern95/rt007/ Cybercitations in Hawaii's Schools Educational study team shows a web example Brown http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html Citing Computer Documents Haines Brown gives many examples of citing URLs in various styles, no specific instances of WWW Wagner http://www.wilpaterson.edu/wpcpages/library/citing.htm Guide for Citing Electronic Information K. Wagner digests Li & Crane, gives web examples Lousiana http://www.lacollege.edu/depart/EJL/electronic.html Guides to Electronic Citation Louisiana College links to 5 sources including Walker, Brown, & Becklehimer. Nicely designed page. Sackman http://www.helsinki.fi/valttdk/lists/inet-news/0241.html Internet Citation Guides Available Online Gleason Sackman provides links to 5 citation guides including Walker, Wainwright & Becklehimer Suggestions from the LINGUIST Listserv (February 1995) http://lamp.cs.utas.edu.au/citation.txt APA and MLA Citation Styles http://www.utexas.edu/depts/uwc/.html/citation.html ///////////////////////////////////////// From: owner-aahesgit To: American Association for Higher Education Subject: AAHESGIT: Internet Citations & Copyrights Date: Friday, February 23, 1996 5:20PM >>Citation format: There are two sites on WWW that present formats >> for citations in electronic forums, etc. You might investigate >> either of the following >> >> http://WWW.UVM.EDU/~XLI/REFERENCE/ESTYLES.HTML >> or >> http://WWW.CAS.USF.EDU/ENGLISH/WALKER/MLA.HTML >> >>Copyright: If you wrote it, you are the rightsholder. If you >> are willing for others to use the piece, with or >> without restrictions, you can so state in a sidebar >> or note and those conditions need to be met. Here's >> a sample of one >> >> Copies of this article may be made and distributed >> in electronic or print for non-profit educational >> purposes, provided appropriate citation is included. >> For any other purposes you must contact the author >> for permission to use the piece in whole or in >> part. >> ************************************************************************ * Frank Connolly The American University * * FRANK@American.EDU 125 Clark Hall * * phone: (202) 885-3164 Washington, D.C 20016 * * fax: (202) 885-1479 * ************************************************************************ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Steven W. Gilbert, Director, Technology Projects American Association for Higher Education (AAHE) 202/293-6440 X 54 FAX: 202/293-0073 GILBERT@CLARK.NET http://www.ido.gmu.edu/aahe/Welcome.html - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NOTE: Anyone can subscribe to the AAHESGIT Listserv by sending the Email message (with subject line left blank): SUBSCRIBE AAHESGIT yourfirstname yourlastname to LISTPROC@LIST.CREN.NET If you would like to post a message to the AAHESGIT Listserv, send it to AAHESGIT@LIST.CREN.NET =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= |
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