Chant quotes in Choral literatureDate: April 15, 2009
Greetings friends! I'm excited about this new way of communicating through ChoralNet.
Here's my first real enquery: In a Colloquium on Church Music, I have a student who is interested in any information related to Gregorian-style chants used as melodic quotations in or compositional basis for choral works. We've gotten some of the obvious ones down, including Durufle Four Motets and Britten ("Hodie..." in the Ceremony of Carols,) etc. However, I would be interested to hear from anyone who has insight into this rather complex, esoteric issue.
Many thanks! Let the games begin!
All the best, Tim Banks (Professor of Choral Studies & Conducting, Samford University, Birmingham AL USA) Replies (16): Threaded | Chronological
James D. Feiszli on April 15, 2009 4:16pm
What kinds of things is this student looking for?
Quotation of Victimae Paschali in Rutter's Requiem?
or
Heinrich Isaac's Choralis Constantinus, which has over 400 motets for the Proper - all based on the corresponding chant?
on April 15, 2009 4:21pm
Check out books by Anthony Ruff and Edward Schaefer.
Charpentier Requiem (Dies Iræ), Liszt Via Crucis, and Heinrich Isaac communion motets (e.g. “Domus mea”) are off-the-beaten-path pieces that I have encountered that quote chant melodies.
on April 15, 2009 8:52pm
There must be 1000s of examples - anything with the Dies Irae motif for example. Here's a brilliant one: the opening to the Credo in J.S. Bach's B Minor Mass.
on April 16, 2009 4:07am
The Verdi Te Deum starts with a chant. Also the Holst "Hymn of Jesus" quotes both Vexilla regis and Pange lingua right at the beginning, first in the orchestra, then the voices.
Bill Weinert
on April 16, 2009 5:41am
Morten Lauridsen's Lux Aeterna features a Cantus Firmus in the second movement. Also, I need to reiterate.... DIES IRAE!!!!! You could do a dissertation on that alone!
on April 16, 2009 1:01pm
Hi, Tim. My first suggestion is that your student wait a bit until he or she has completed the music history classes that are required. This isn't an especially esoteric issue, but it's definitely a complex one, since composers have been using or basing their music on borrowed chants since the very first examples of organum appeared in the 9th century through the present day, and most students are simply not yet familiar with the medieval, late medieval, early and later renaissance repertoires in which this continued to be a standard composition practice (leavened at times, of course, by the use of pop songs like "L'homme armé").
The 15th century is an especially fruitful era, since it saw the transition from literal quotation from chants (sometimes complete chants, but just as often mere portions of chants, as in DuFay's "Nuper rosarum flores"), into the new equal-voiced imitative style of the Franco-Flemish composers who used their chant quotations in all voices. And even Monteverdi (in the "Sonata sopra Sancta Maria" from the 1610 Vespers) has the choirboys singing the pure chant melody while his instrumentalists weave a marvelous tapestry around them. Equally interesting is that both Schútz and Bach dropped the use of the traditional chant and composed their own Evangelist melodies, even though both of them were certainly familiar with the traditional chant.
It sounds as if he (or you) is more interested in 20th century use rather than historical use, and of course that in itself could be a very interesting study, but rather limited. It's an option long available to any composers who managed to stay awake in their music history classes!
on April 18, 2009 12:54pm
For an in depth study of the history of this technique see Thomas Forrest Kelly, Plainsong in the Age of Polyphony (Cambridge University Press, 1992)
You should be able to find this book in your college library or through ILL.
You can also find this book on Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Plainsong-Polyphony-Cambridge-Performance-Practice/dp/0521401607/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240083438&sr=1-2#
on April 19, 2009 9:48am
Another well known and easy example is the 4 part Ave Maria attributed to Victoria.
on April 20, 2009 4:32am
Which Ave Maria chant is supposedly quoted in this piece? There are many.
on April 21, 2009 6:05am
I don't have the proper reference materials at hand to give a specific citation, but I believe it is mode 1. In any event, it opens: g d e e a b-flat a
on April 28, 2009 1:08pm
I finally had the time to find the Victoria score, pull my Liber Usualis off the shelf, and sit down to check out my poor memory. I was pretty sure that piece in question did not actually use the chant, but only quoted the first half of the first phrase as an incipit and the second half as the opening phrase in the soprano. The rest of the chant is not used in the Victoria piece. The chant is the antiphon for feasts of the BVM.
on April 21, 2009 3:12pm
Durufle's Four Motets based on Gregorian Chants are the first pieces that come to mind...
on April 27, 2009 12:07pm
Luigi Dallapiccola's Canti di prigionia quotes extensively and very creatively from the Dies irae chant in vocal and instrumental parts. This 3-mov't work is partially composed in 12-tone technique (based on a row quite different in character from those of the more familiar Schoenberg or Webern choral works). His use of chant is a further means of unifying the work and adds significantly to the work's meaning as this was his response to the imposition of the racial laws of Hitler as proclaimed by Mussolini in 1938.
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